Effects of Blade Number on Power Output in Kaplan Hydro Turbines

Abstract Hydropower is a crucial renewable energy source, significantly contributing to global electricity generation. However, there are opportunities to enhance hydropower system efficiency. This research focuses on improving micro-Kaplan turbine performance by studying the effect of blade number on power generation and efficiency. Micro-hydro systems produce up to 100 kW and are vital for powering remote regions. The study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD simulations and experimental validation to examine how blade number influences turbine performance, emphasizing reducing flow separation and turbulence. The research investigates various flow rates and rotational speeds, analyzing cavitation to determine the optimal stator and rotor blade configuration for maximizing power output while minimizing energy losses and manufacturing complexity. The results reveal that with the stator blade number fixed at three, a six-rotor blade configuration optimizes power output and efficiency while minimizing cavitation risk. These findings offer practical guidance for optimizing micro-Kaplan turbine design, contributing to more efficient and sustainable hydroelectric solutions. Additionally, this study addresses a gap in the literature by presenting solutions to improve micro-hydro system performance, particularly in remote applications. This research enhances our understanding of micro-Kaplan turbines and supports the development of more effective renewable energy technologies.