President Xi Jinping’s Perception of the Main Entities in Technological Innovation and China’s Technological Innovation System

China has developed a distinct technological innovation system through its innovation-driven development strategy, positioning enterprises as key drivers. Different enterprise types contribute uniquely, while national laboratories lead in frontier research. The country is restructuring State Key Laboratories and strengthening discipline-based ones. Research institutes and universities form the core of scientific advancement and talent cultivation, with mission-driven institutions addressing major national challenges. Key regions like Beijing, Shanghai, and the Greater Bay Area are being developed into global innovation hubs with broad influence. This commentary will analyze these components in detail.