The effectiveness of Lindamood phonological sequence program on executive functions and academic self-concept of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background and Purpose: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the common childhood disorders.Children with this disorder suffer from a lack of coordination with education and social environment.Therefore, this research was conducted to figure out the effectiveness of the Lindamod phonological sequence program on executive functions and academic self-concept of children with ADHD.Method: This quasi-experimental study employs a pre-test/post-test design with an experimental group and a control group.The statistical population consisted of all third to fifth grade elementary school students with ADHD in Khomam City in the academic year 2024 -2025.The research sample was twenty-four students selected through convenience sampling from this population who were then randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.The experimental group participated in the training course of the Lindamode phonological sequence program in a group for 16 weekly sessions, while the control group received the usual training at their training centre.The research tools were the Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS; Barkley, 2012) and the Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (ASCQ; Chen, 2004) The data were analysed by analysis covariance and the SPSS 25 software version. Results:The results showed that the Lindamode phonological sequencing program had significant effectiveness on the experimental group; this means that the scores of executive functions (F =55.76,P <0.05) and academic self-concept (F = 45.23,P <0.05) increased in the experimental group. Conclusion:The results showed that the Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing Program, with visual and auditory reinforcement and the development of critical thinking and problem-solving, led to the improvement of executive functions and academic self-concept in children with ADHD.Therefore, it can be implemented by specialists and therapists as one of the educational and therapeutic approaches.