Preparedness, Surveillance, and Response to Public Health Emergencies in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2021 to 2024

Abstract This article describes the trajectory of the city of Rio de Janeiro in facing public health emergencies between 2021 and 2024, based on three axes of action proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO): preparedness, surveillance, and response. Innovation in timely data analysis from non-conventional information sources has enabled an early detection of events, promoting reorientation in health surveillance practices. The construction of a strong institutional identity, as well as the coordination of response actions in Emergency Operations Centers, contributed to the consolidation of a culture of rapid response and networking. The integration of primary health care (PHC) and surveillance networks guaranteed a continuity of care and coordinated risk management, highlighting the importance of a decentralized health system that seeks intersectorality in responding to emergencies. The advances observed in combating the COVID-19 and dengue epidemics during this period in the city were driven by adequate investments in structure and human resources, emphasizing the importance of continuous financing and strategic planning aimed at this model of care.