Thermal stratification of Darcy-Forchheimer nano-fluid flow with cattaneo-christov heat flux over a riga plate: A mathematical analysis

This paper investigates the analysis of 2D Darcy-Forchheimer flow with nanoparticles induced by Williamson fluid, which has retardation and contraction effects. The Williamson nanofluid flow through a Riga plate is taken as a physical problem. The Cattaneo-Christov heat flux with thermal stratification is discussed in the energy equation. The copper nanoparticles are induced in the non-Newtonian fluid. This flow problem is formulated using the nonlinear partial differential equations redesigned into ordinary differential equations with appropriate similarity transformations. This model's numerical and analytical solutions are obtained by MATLAB bvp4c solver and homotopy analysis method respectively. The graphical solutions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration are analyzed by investigating skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The velocity profile consistently rises as the Weissenberg number rises and decreases as the numerical values of (Fr) increase. The temperature of the fluid decreases as the Prandtl number increases numerically and the fluid temperature rises when the thermal radiation parameter (R) enhance numerically. When the Schmidt number (Sc) rises, the fluid's concentration profile continuously declines. The streamlines show regularity and the uniformity of the stream function stabilizes when the parameter varies between 0.1 and 0.5. The graphic illustrates the symmetry and regularity of the isotherms. The isotherm function becomes less uniform as the parameter varies. The decreasing percentage of Nusselt number is obtained when thermal stratification varies from 0.0 to 6.0 and the diminishing percentage of Sherwood number is attained when the solution stratification parameter varies from 0.0 to 0.6 for Williamson fluids.