Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms for Real-Time Epidemic Surveillance and Health Policy Simulation: A Review of Emerging Frameworks and Implementation Challenges

This review explores the integration of quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms into real-time epidemic surveillance systems and health policy simulation frameworks. As conventional machine learning models face scalability and interpretability challenges with high-dimensional epidemiological data, QML offers a transformative paradigm by leveraging quantum computing principles to enhance pattern recognition, data compression, and forecasting precision. The study examines emerging QML architectures and their application to real-time tracking of infectious diseases, anomaly detection in public health datasets, and dynamic modeling of transmission patterns. Additionally, it assesses the role of QML in simulating the impact of health interventions, policy shifts, and behavioral dynamics on epidemic trajectories. Emphasis is placed on multi-modal data integration from genomics, environmental monitoring, and mobility trends to refine predictive accuracy. Key implementation challenges—such as quantum decoherence, algorithmic instability, regulatory constraints, and limited access to quantum hardware—are critically analyzed. The paper concludes by proposing a roadmap for the adoption of hybrid quantum-classical frameworks and policy-informed computational modeling to strengthen global epidemic preparedness and responsive health governance.