Wintertime thermal perception in a central European city: the case of Olomouc, Czechia

Urban population growth and manifestations of climate change, such as extreme weather events, are among the major global challenges affecting human health, well-being, and mortality rates worldwide. Recent human-oriented urban climate research emphasises the importance of considering both real (realistic) and perceived thermal conditions. This study investigated thermal perception through participatory mapping in Olomouc, Czechia, during winter. The results show that residents perceive cold near rivers, in open windy areas, and in large low-rise developments that lack greenery and have a high proportion of impervious surfaces. Suggested improvements include planting high greenery, expanding public transit shelters, and installing windbreaks. Locations where people feel comfortable during winter are associated with greenery and shielded places, and this supporting the role of building protection and green infrastructure. Frequently visited places, such as the historical city centre, arterial streets, and the main train station, were often (in some cases falsely) perceived as thermally ambivalent.Key policy highlights In urban planning, it is essential to consider both real (realistic) thermal conditions and psychological aspects of thermal comfort when implementing adaptation measures.Aligning with local climate conditions, people frequently perceive cold near rivers and in open, windy areas.Thermally comfortable locations during winter are associated with greenery, shielding structures, and even crossroads.Central areas, such as the historical city centre, main arterial streets, and the train station are often reported as thermally ambivalent.To create a more pleasant thermal environment, the most recommended measures include the incorporation of high greenery, windbreaks, and shelters.