Extreme AGN feedback in the fossil galaxy group SDSSTG 4436

Supermassive black hole feedback is the currently favoured mechanism to regulate the star formation rate of galaxies and prevent the formation of ultra-massive galaxies ( M ⋆ > 10 12 M ⊙ ). However, the mechanism through which the outflowing energy is transferred to the surrounding medium strongly varies from one galaxy evolution model to another, such that a unified model for active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback does not currently exist. The hot atmospheres of galaxy groups are highly sensitive laboratories of the feedback process, as the injected black hole energy is comparable to the binding energy of halo gas particles. Here we report multi-wavelength observations of the fossil galaxy group SDSSTG 4436. The hot atmosphere of this system exhibits a highly relaxed morphology centred on the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 3298. The X-ray emission from the system features a compact core (< 10 kpc) and a steep increase in the entropy and cooling time of the gas, with the cooling time reaching the age of the Universe ∼15 kpc from the centre of the galaxy. The observed entropy profile implies a total injected energy of ∼1.5 × 10 61 ergs, which given the high level of relaxation could not have been injected by a recent merging event. Star formation in the central galaxy NGC 3298 is strongly quenched and its stellar population is very old (∼10.6 Gyr). The currently detected radio jets have low power and are confined within the central compact core. All the available evidence implies that this system was affected by giant AGN outbursts that raised the entropy of the neighbouring gas to the point that the gas no longer efficiently cools. Our findings imply that AGN outbursts can be energetic enough to unbind gas particles and lead to the disruption of cool cores.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-08-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555212
Primary Topic
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Extreme AGN feedback in the fossil galaxy group SDSSTG 4436

F. Gastaldello, Elmo Tempel, Ruta Kale, G. Gozaliasl et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
article

Extreme AGN feedback in the fossil galaxy group SDSSTG 4436

F. Gastaldello, Elmo Tempel, Ruta Kale, G. Gozaliasl, T. Pasini, Michael Bourne, A. Simionescu, Mohammadreza Ayromlou, R. Seppi, D. Eckert, Benjamin D. Oppenheimer, Ewan O’Sullivan, Sean McGee, K. Kolokythas, S. Ettori, François Mernier, Mengfei Sun, A. Finoguenov, L. Lovisari, M. Brienza, Yun Chen, Wei Cui, G. Schellenberger
article en

Abstract

Supermassive black hole feedback is the currently favoured mechanism to regulate the star formation rate of galaxies and prevent the formation of ultra-massive galaxies ( M ⋆ > 10 12 M ⊙ ). However, the mechanism through which the outflowing energy is transferred to the surrounding medium strongly varies from one galaxy evolution model to another, such that a unified model for active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback does not currently exist. The hot atmospheres of galaxy groups are highly sensitive laboratories of the feedback process, as the injected black hole energy is comparable to the binding energy of halo gas particles. Here we report multi-wavelength observations of the fossil galaxy group SDSSTG 4436. The hot atmosphere of this system exhibits a highly relaxed morphology centred on the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 3298. The X-ray emission from the system features a compact core (< 10 kpc) and a steep increase in the entropy and cooling time of the gas, with the cooling time reaching the age of the Universe ∼15 kpc from the centre of the galaxy. The observed entropy profile implies a total injected energy of ∼1.5 × 10 61 ergs, which given the high level of relaxation could not have been injected by a recent merging event. Star formation in the central galaxy NGC 3298 is strongly quenched and its stellar population is very old (∼10.6 Gyr). The currently detected radio jets have low power and are confined within the central compact core. All the available evidence implies that this system was affected by giant AGN outbursts that raised the entropy of the neighbouring gas to the point that the gas no longer efficiently cools. Our findings imply that AGN outbursts can be energetic enough to unbind gas particles and lead to the disruption of cool cores.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 701
University of Geneva (CH), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (IN), Goddard Space Flight Center (US), University of Helsinki (FI), University of Bonn (DE), University of Hertfordshire (GB), National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (IN), Estonian Academy of Sciences (EE), Rhodes University (ZA), University of Cambridge (GB), Tartu Observatory (EE), Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT), South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (ZA), Institute of Astronomy (RU), Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US), Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Space Research Organisation Netherlands (NL), University of Tartu (EE), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), University of Maryland, College Park (US), University of Birmingham (GB), University of Alabama in Huntsville (US), National Institute for Astrophysics (IT), Savitribai Phule Pune University (IN), Tsinghua University (CN), Aalto University (FI)
National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Comunidad de Madrid, UK Research and Innovation, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Eesti Teadusagentuur, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Goddard Space Flight Center, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions
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Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
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