Blood Flow Restriction Use by U.S. Physical Therapists: A Survey on Settings, Equipment, and Adverse Effects

Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with exercise has been shown to enhance muscle hypertrophy, strength, and aerobic capacity. While previous studies have evaluated the use of BFR among various practitioners, none have investigated its use exclusively among licensed U.S. physical therapists (PTs). A cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to licensed U.S. PTs. Participants were required to use BFR currently in clinical practice. Survey items included respondents' demographics, practice setting, exercise mode, the type of BFR equipment used, and adverse events. A total of 134 licensed PTs from 20 states completed the survey. BFR was most commonly used in outpatient orthopedic settings, primarily in conjunction with resistance exercises. The Delfi unit was the most frequently used device (64%). No major adverse effects reported (e.g., thrombosis, rhabdomyolysis, nerve damage). Minor adverse effects, including dizziness, numbness, nausea, and delayed onset muscle soreness, were reported by 8% of participants (n = 11). This survey found no major adverse effects and a low prevalence of minor, transient adverse effects. These findings are consistent with previous BFR safety literature and provide a foundational overview of BFR practices among U.S. PTs.