Intraspecific morphological variation and environmental drivers in Macleania rupestris: a model-based population classification

Our findings highlight the influence of environmental heterogeneity on intraspecific differentiation in <i>M. rupestris</i> and provide evidence for local adaptation along climatic gradients. This study offers a novel framework for trait-based classification and emphasizes the importance of integrating morphological variation and environmental factors into conservation planning. By identifying environmentally driven morphological groups, these results can inform seed sourcing strategies and restoration efforts aimed at enhancing ecosystem resilience in the montane forests of southern Ecuador.