An Exclusive Survey on Embedded Metamaterial and Superstrate Metamaterial Antennas

Artificially created structures with special electromagnetic characteristics that are absent from naturally occurring materials are known as metamaterials. Their ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves has opened the path for innovations in various applications, including antennas. Among the various types, embedded and superstrate metamaterial antennas have gained considerable attention due to their potential to achieve high gain, compact size, and multi-band operation. This exclusive survey explores the latest developments in embedded and super-substrate metamaterial antennas, systematically categorizing various designs based on their structural configurations, operational mechanisms, and fabrication techniques, while highlighting their advantages and limitations. By inspiring and analyzing the advantages and challenges in metamaterial antennas, an Octagonal Koch Snowflake antenna integrated with a 4×3 square split ring resonator (SRR) has been designed. This antenna exhibits a radiating frequency of 4 GHz and operates over a wide frequency range, making it suitable for wideband satellite communication applications.