Revolutionizing Sensor Technology with NWFETs: A Comprehensive Review of Channel Length Optimization and Material Selection

Sensors play a crucial role in modern technology, enabling real-time data collection and monitoring across various fields, including healthcare, environmental protection, and industrial automation. However, traditional sensor technologies often struggle with miniaturization, power efficiency, and response time, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors (NWFETs) have emerged as a groundbreaking alternative, leveraging the unique properties of nanowires to deliver enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and scalability. Thanks to their high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent electrical characteristics, and seamless integration with CMOS technology, NWFETs are particularly promising for biosensing and environmental monitoring applications. This review delves into the design, fabrication, and optimization of NWFET-based sensors, with a focus on channel length optimization, material selection, and calibration techniques. By addressing key challenges such as stability, reproducibility, and large-scale manufacturing, NWFETs have the potential to transform sensor technology, paving the way for intelligent, responsive, and energy-efficient sensing systems.