Bi-Level Collaborative Operation Method for On-Grid PV-Storage Hybrid System Ensuring Profitability

With the increasing development of hybrid renewable energy technology, a series of hybrid renewable energy projects are emerging, which are carried out by the cooperation of load enterprises and renewable energy investment entities. However, the investor aims to reach a specific rate of return by selling energy to the demand side at a certain price, while the industrial load aims to save its electricity bill by using renewable energy generation and the arbitrage behaviors of BESS. This conflict of interest between investor and consumer is formulated as a Stackelberg problem in this paper. A novel bi-level collaborative operation method for an on-grid PV-storage-load hybrid system is proposed, considering the internal rate of return of system construction. The nonconvex constraints are relaxed, and a two-stage algorithm is designed to solve the proposed bi-level problem. Numerical case studies based on real power generation from northwest China are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.