NETosis and pyroptosis of immune cells in sepsis

Sepsis, a potentially fatal illness marked by an abnormal host immune response to an infection, continues to be a major global health issue. This study explores the role of pyroptosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their complex interactions, two dominant immune cell death, in the setting of sepsis. The review begins by explaining sepsis and its strong dependence on the immune system. It then delves into the basic mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap associated death (NETosis) and pyroptosis, examining their functions in inflammation and host defense. Going further, it looks at the dysregulated immune response in sepsis, with a focus on neutrophils and other immune cells and their critical role. We analyze in detail two types of cell death: pyroptosis and NETosis, both of which are closely examined for their roles in the development of sepsis, particularly the escalation of pathophysiology. Additionally, the study looks into the complex interactions between pyroptosis and NETosis, illuminating possible mechanisms for control as well as their cooperative effects. The report concludes with a summary of the major findings and recommendations for future therapy approaches and research prospects. This review adds to our knowledge of the pathophysiology of sepsis by thoroughly analyzing the roles of NETosis and pyroptosis in sepsis and providing possible directions for therapeutic intervention.