Novel Cage‐Like NiWO₄/NH₂‐UIO‐66 Adsorbents: Synthesis, Design, and Performance Prediction Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm

ABSTRACT The cage‐like NiWO 4 /NH 2 ‐UIO‐66 (NNU) adsorbent was prepared by a polyacrylamide gel method combined with a hydrothermal method and was used to adsorb dyes (Congo red, CR) and antibiotics (tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and ciprofloxacin) in wastewater. The NNU adsorbents contain only the target component and have a cage structure, a large specific surface area, and high surface active sites, as well as high adsorption capacity. When the adsorbent content was 1 g/L, the initial CR concentration was 200 mg/L, T = 298.15 K, pH = 6, and the molar ratio of NH 2 ‐UIO‐66 was 60%, the adsorption percentage of the NNU adsorbent reached 82.5%. When the temperature was increased to T = 320 K, the adsorption percentage of the NNU adsorbent increased to 96.3%. The Redlich‐Peterson model provides an accurate simulation of the adsorption capacity of the NNU adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity of the NNU adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye was 192.3 mg/g. The cyclic stability test showed that the NNU adsorbent could maintain its high adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. The adsorption capacity of the NNU adsorbent can be predicted most effectively using the Sparrow search algorithm due to its simplicity, few control parameters, high accuracy, fast convergence, high search accuracy, and high stability. The room temperature adsorption mechanism confirmed that the adsorption of CR dye by NNU adsorbents was mainly based on electrostatic interaction, pore filling, dipole bond force, hydrogen bond, and ion exchange, while the adsorption of TC molecules was mainly based on pore filling and ion exchange. Although this strategy requires a large amount of data to perform performance prediction, it will provide new ideas and technical references for the development of new adsorbents.