Photo-response of the $$N=Z$$ nucleus 28Si below 13.0 MeV
Abstract The electric E 1 and magnetic M 1 dipole responses of the $$N=Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nucleus 28 Si were investigated in a nuclear resonance fluorescence experiment at the ELBE accelerator of the Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The investigated energy range extends to 13.0 MeV, which corresponds to the kinetic energy of the electrons that were used to produce the unpolarised bremsstrahlung in the entrance channel of the 28 Si( $$\gamma ,\gamma ^{\prime }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) reaction. The bremsstrahlung photons excited three $$J^{\pi }=1^-$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>J</mml:mi> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , seven $$J^{\pi }=1^+$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>J</mml:mi> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and several $$J^{\pi }=2^+$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>J</mml:mi> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> states. De-excitation $$\gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> rays were detected using the four high-purity germanium detectors of the $$\gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> ELBE setup. The excellent background conditions allowed to identify nine previously unobserved $$\gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -ray transitions. In the investigated energy region of up to 13.0 MeV a total $$\sum _i B(M1, 0^+ \rightarrow 1^+_i)= 5.0(3)~\mu _N^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mo>∑</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.0</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> strength is firmly observed with a possible addition of $$B(M1, 0^+ \rightarrow 1^+_i) \le 0.14~\mu _N^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> from levels for which the data allows to establish only an upper limit. Furthermore, below 13 MeV this $$N=Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nucleus exhibits a marginal isoscalar E 1 strength of $$\sum _i B(E1, 0^+ \rightarrow 1^-)= 2.6(3) \times 10^{-3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mo>∑</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.6</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
Authors
- R. Chapman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-9905)
- D. Kocheva
- R. Schwengner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-8882)
- Anup Yadav (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-0562)
- P. G. Thirolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6191-3319)
- D. O’Donnell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-3803)
- A. Junghans
- M. Scheck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-3909)
- A. Wagner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-3961)
- O. Wieland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-4941)
- G. Rainovski
- O. Ağar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-1587)
- R. Beyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-3623)
- K. Gladnishki
- K. Römer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-4701)
- K.‐H. Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5544-5136)
- D. Savran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-5600)
- F. Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2188-4393)
- S. Müller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-7102)
- H. Hoffmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3817-5626)
- R.-D. Herzberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-1518)
Institutions
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (DE)
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (GB)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University (TR)
- Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- University of the West of Scotland (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The European Physical Journal A
- Published
- 2025-08-12
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-025-01647-w
- Primary Topic
- Nuclear physics research studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- European Commission
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Nuclear Physics