Emotional dynamics and engagement cycles in swiping dating apps: An agent-based modeling approach

Swiping dating apps have transformed mate selection by providing users with rapid access to a large pool of potential partners. Yet, repeated exposure to implicit rejection and unmet expectations may cause emotional fatigue and cyclical patterns of disengagement. This study explores how emotional dynamics drive engagement on such platforms, with attention to the moderating roles of gender and relationship-seeking strategy. We developed an agent-based model simulating 500 agents over a 30-day period. Agents interacted based on gender and strategic orientation (casual, serious, hybrid), with emotional states regulated through a control-theoretic framework that tracks discrepancies between expected and actual outcomes. Results revealed a steady emotional decline across all groups, accompanied by fluctuating engagement patterns. Male agents exhibited higher emotional states and greater behavioral volatility, marked by increased disengagement and re-engagement tendencies. Relationship-seeking strategy showed less consistent effects, with some variation in behavioral stability across outcomes. These findings highlight the emotional cost of prolonged app use and the influence of user characteristics on retention patterns. We advocate for emotionally responsive platform design—such as recovery prompts and expectation management tools—to reduce churn and improve user well-being. Policymakers and designers should consider the psychological implications of sustained swiping-based engagement, including the potential for compulsive use. • Emotional states decline over time for all users on swiping dating platforms. • Males exhibit greater engagement fluctuations and maintain higher emotional states. • Relationship strategy moderately influences disengagement patterns. • Engagement and emotional volatility vary across relationship strategies. • Control theory reveals feedback loops driving user activity and withdrawal.