Fibrinogen-modified GelMA hydrogels enhance C2C12 cell proliferation and differentiation

Abstract Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a functionalized gelatin that can be crosslinked by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator. The resulting GelMA hydrogel combines the advantages of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, providing a structure conducive to cell growth and differentiation. However, the acidic or alkaline treatment during the synthesis of gelatin from collagen has suppressed its bioactivity. To enhance the bioactivity of GelMA hydrogels and further improve cell growth and differentiation, we incorporated fibrinogen into GelMA, creating a composite hydrogel with an improved capacity to support cell proliferation and differentiation. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were seeded on these fibrinogen-modified GelMA hydrogels and cultured for 17 days. Cell viability assays and staining were performed to evaluate early-stage cell proliferation and later-stage differentiation. The results showed that, compared to pure GelMA hydrogels, fibrinogen-modified GelMA hydrogels supported faster early-stage proliferation of C2C12 cells and enhanced late-stage differentiation. Among the tested fibrinogen concentrations, 2 mg/mL yielded the most favorable outcomes. This study provides a valuable reference for modifying and optimizing in vitro muscle tissue scaffolds.