The <i>Yersinia pestis</i> Collection (Fiocruz/CYP): history, challenges, and contributions to epidemiological surveillance in the Global South

Abstract Microbiological collections are essential for scientific research and public health, serving as critical repositories of biological diversity and resources for taxonomic, epidemiological, and genomic studies. In Brazil, the Yersinia pestis collection at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz/CYP) represents a unique and invaluable resource, being the largest repository of its kind in South America. Established in 1966, Fiocruz/CYP has grown to include 917 Brazilian strains, supporting research on phylogenetics, molecular epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance. The collection also provides essential scientific services, including molecular characterization, taxonomic identification, training in biosafety protocols, as well as robust preservation strategies and optimized culture media to ensure strain viability and genetic stability. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses of Fiocruz/CYP strains reveal significant genetic diversity, evolutionary patterns, and potential virulence attenuation, offering insights into the bacterium’s adaptation and transmission dynamics. Integrated with the Brazilian National Plague Reference Service, the collection plays a pivotal role in epidemiological surveillance, outbreak response, and public health interventions. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of Fiocruz/CYP, exploring its history, composition, and significance while highlighting its contributions to research, epidemiological surveillance, and public health, as well as discussing the challenges and future perspectives for its preservation and utilization.