Spectral characterization of Anchusa italica Retz. flowers and multidimensional analysis of rosmarinic acid in them based on high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Abstract In this study, a multidimensional analysis of rosmarinic acid (RA) in the Anchusa italica Retz. flowers (Airfs) of was carried out by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effective separation and detection of the analyte were achieved by optimizing the experimental conditions. These conditions included the thin-layer plate, the composition of the mobile phase, and the scanning wavelength. Concurrently, the HPLC fingerprints were established, and a similarity analysis of 10 batches of samples was conducted using a similarity evaluation system. This analysis revealed that the samples within each batch exhibited a high degree of similarity, suggesting that the compositions were characterized by a high degree of consistency. Furthermore, the spectral characteristics of Airfs were explored by analyzing them through three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The present study employs a comprehensive analytical approach to elucidate the spectral characterization of RA in Airfs.