Is the updated Energy Efficiency Directive fit for purpose? A critical assessment based on replies from European stakeholders

This paper examines expert stakeholder perspectives on the European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). The EED is the cornerstone of the EU's legislative framework to achieve energy savings and reduce carbon emissions. Following significant revisions to the 2012 directive in 2018 and 2023, this study contrasts stakeholder assessments of its effectiveness before and after the latest revision. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyse responses from over 50 key European institutional stakeholders via a comprehensive survey and validate these findings through nine in-depth expert interviews. The analysis focuses on three areas: (1) feedback on the overall success of the revised EED in achieving energy and carbon savings; (2) evaluations of the effectiveness of key regulatory measures within the directive; and (3) insights into implementation challenges and potential gaps of the EED. Stakeholders are cautiously optimistic about the 2023 revision of the EED, noting particular progress in the public sector and buildings. However, they express concern over the directive's limited attention to the transport and agriculture sectors. There is a call for better alignment of the EED with fossil fuel reduction goals, especially in the context of growing concerns over energy supply security and competitive pressure. Stakeholders also highlight enhanced integration of the EED into the broader EU energy policy framework and recognise its increased potential to generate co-benefits, including addressing energy poverty, promoting digitalization, and improving resource efficiency.