Latest trends and future prospects in gene editing, omics, and AI-based approaches for enhancing swine reproductive productivity in response to climate change

Climate change severely threatens the reproductive potential in pigs, primarily through heat stress, as pigs struggle to regulate their body temperature.This leads to reduced feed intake, ovarian dysfunction, delayed estrus, and increased embryo mortality.At the cellular level, heat impairs mitochondrial function, disrupts hormone signaling, and inhibits placental angiogenesis, causing delayed fetal growth and higher pre-weaning mortality.These challenges exceed the capacity of traditional management approaches and require advanced biotechnological solutions.CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has produced pigs resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) and has improved thermotolerance through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene restoration.Single-cell omics has revealed that endometrial cell vulnerabilities and disrupted gene networks affect uterine receptivity and embryonic development under high-temperature conditions.Mitochondrial biomarkers, such as functional integrity and haplotype analysis, are emerging tools for selecting climate-resilient pigs.Organoid models that replicate embryo-maternal interactions provide platforms for studying thermal stress effects and test interventions.In addition, artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems enhance environmental control, predict heat stress, and optimize health and productivity.However, global regulatory frameworks for genetically edited animals remain fragmented, underscoring the need for transparent science-based policies to ensure safety and public trust.The integration of gene editing, omics, organoid platforms, and AI has led to a paradigm shift in pig reproductive management.This convergence offers precision breeding strategies and novel therapeutic targets essential for sustaining productivity and resilience in the global pig industry under accelerated climate change.