Analyzing the Dynamics of Building Function Changes in Urban Areas of Binjai City: Impacts, Drivers, and Urban Planning

Changes in building functions in urban areas are a common phenomenon, especially in developing cities like Binjai City. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing these changes, using a Mixed Methods approach that combines quantitative analysis through multiple linear regression and qualitative documentation based on field observations. Four independent variables were examined: inconsistency with the Spatial Plan (RTRW), accessibility, economic motivation, and law enforcement. The results show that economic motivation and accessibility significantly influence building function changes, while RTRW inconsistency and weak law enforcement did not demonstrate statistically significant effects. These findings are supported by visual evidence from field observations, which highlight a widespread conversion of building functions without effective spatial planning control. Photographic documentation further reveals a tendency among the community to adapt building functions for economic activities in strategically accessible areas. This study concludes that the primary drivers of building function changes in Binjai City are economic needs and urban spatial dynamics, which are not adequately addressed by the current spatial planning regulations and enforcement mechanisms. The lack of effective spatial supervision and law enforcement has allowed for the unregulated conversion of buildings, particularly in areas with high economic potential. The study recommends strengthening spatial supervision to ensure that building function changes align with urban planning regulations. It also suggests providing socio-economic incentives to encourage compliance with the spatial plan, simplifying the permit process for building function changes, and implementing community-based public education on spatial order and urban planning principles. These strategies are essential for maintaining the balance between urban development and spatial order while supporting community aspirations. This research provides valuable insights into adaptive urban planning and the importance of aligning building functions with sustainable urban growth strategies.