Advances and Challenges in Carbon Capture and Storage Technology

Continuously rising CO emissions are exacerbating the climate crisis, making carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology a key pathway for industrial decarbonization and achieving net-zero emissions targets. This review systematically summarizes global CCS technology developments since 2018, covering capture processes (solvent absorption, adsorption, membrane separation), transportation strategies, geological storage mechanisms, and resource utilization pathways. Research indicates that material innovations (e.g., phase-change solvents reducing regeneration energy consumption by 3050%) and AI monitoring (plume tracking accuracy reaching 92%) have yielded significant results. However, large-scale application still faces three major bottlenecks: excessively high capture energy consumption (>3.5 GJ/tCO), economic cost imbalance (costs of 60120 USD/ tCO far exceed carbon prices), and a public trust deficit (75% of projects in Europe faced opposition). Fragmented policy frameworks and inconsistent technical standards further hinder development. Ultimately, overcoming CCS challenges requires integrating multi-dimensional strategies, developing low-energy materials, standardizing risk assessment models, and strengthening interdepartmental collaboration to achieve sustainable deployment goals by mid-century.