A framework for compatible-by-design orbit coordination in LEO

As more and more operators propose and begin to deploy large constellations, finite orbital volume in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is becoming increasingly congested. Intelligently organizing and coordinating large constellations to efficiently make use of LEO and avoid hazardous conjunctions between on-station satellites can significantly reduce risk with minimal burden to satellite operators. This work describes the intrinsic capacity framework for understanding geometric constraints to compatible orbital design and orbit loading. This framework provides a way to calculate efficiency of orbital use, remaining unconsumed orbital volume, and efficacy of capacity-expanding measures. The paper describes various potential policy objectives associated with orbit loading. It explores ways to achieve them with different technical architectures.