BCI-Based Interventions in Substance Use Disorders Treatment: Current Progress and Future Directions

Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose a significant global public health challenge, with limited treatment efficacy for many patients. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach, targeting dysfunctional neural circuits involved in craving and addiction. This review explores the principles and applications of brain-computer interface in substance use disorder treatment, covering invasive and non-invasive methods. Non-invasive techniques, such as neurofeedback and transcranial magnetic stimulation, modulate cortical activity to reduce cravings, while invasive approaches like deep brain stimulation directly influence subcortical reward pathways. Despite promising results, challenges remain in optimizing neural signal decoding, ensuring long-term safety, and addressing ethical concerns. Future advancements in adaptive closed-loop systems and personalized neuromodulation may enhance treatment precision. BCI-based interventions represent a shift from symptom management to neural circuit repair, offering potential breakthroughs for refractory addiction. However, further research and interdisciplinary collaboration are needed to translate these technologies into widespread clinical use.