Ellagic acid on milk production performance, blood and milk hormones, antioxidant capacity and fecal microbial communities in lactating Yili mares

Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol, exerts potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in humans and other animals, while contributing to intestinal microbiota homeostasis. This study investigated the impact of EA supplementation on milk production, hormone secretion, antioxidant activity, and gut microbiota in lactating Yili mares. Eighteen lactating Yili mares with an average body weight of 400.06 ± 15.01 kg, average age of 9.89 ± 0.83 years, with similar parity (5-6 foalings) were used in this study. These mares had foaled in May (first foal born on May 7, last foal born on May 13) and had been lactating for 30 days at the initiation of the experiment. They were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n = 6 per group): a control group (CON) receiving no EA supplementation, the EA15 group (15 mg/kg BW/day EA), and the EA30 group (30 mg/kg BW/day EA). The supplementation trial commenced on lactation day 30 (study day 0) and continued for 90 days. By study days 60 and 90, EA supplementation enhanced milk production in lactating mares. On study day 30, serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were increased in mares in the EA15 group, and milk PRL concentrations were increased in mares in the EA30 group compared to the CON group of mares. Conversely, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and milk growth hormone (GH) concentrations were reduced. Compared to the CON group of mares, mares in the EA15 group had increased serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and mares in the EA30 group had increased milk superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, while reducing milk total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Supplementation with EA increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, Verrucomicrobiota, Christensenellaceae, Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis, <i>Christensenellaceae_R_7_group</i>, and <i>Phoenicibacter</i> in the feces of lactating mares, while decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Moraxellaceae, and <i>Acinetobacter</i>. Overall, EA supplementation increases milk production in lactating Yili mares, modulates lactation-associated hormone secretion, improves the body's antioxidant capacity, and alters the composition of the intestinal microflora. The results suggest potential applications of EA supplementation in equine nutrition strategies aimed at improving lactation performance and antioxidant status during lactation. Future research could focus on optimizing dosage regimens and validating its efficacy in larger-scale production systems to facilitate practical application in equine husbandry.