Micro–Nano Hybrid Architectures for Sub–Nanogram Detection of Avian Influenza H5N1

The ongoing spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has caused severe disruptions in the poultry industry, leading to economic losses and raising concerns about cross-species transmission. Recent outbreaks in mammals increase the risk of zoonotic spillover, making rapid and sensitive virus detection crucial for effective containment and management. We report here a low-cost, lithography-free biosensor incorporating graphene oxide, silver nanowires, and self-assembled monolayer as micro-nano hybrid transducers for the detection of H5N1 hemagglutinin. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 40 picograms per mL. We have also manufactured a fully 3D-printed micropillar array–based sensor and evaluated its performance as a viral sensor against traditional 2D planar electrodes. These printed sensors will be useful for on-farm poultry testing, providing a practical solution for early virus detection and control.