Use of multiple metrics and clustering analysis to assess antimicrobial use in Shanxi hospitals, China: a cross-sectional study based on 25 general hospitals

Across the 25 hospitals, the rate and intensity of antimicrobial use were relatively high in institutions and departments. During the study period, the use of cefoperazone/sulbactam and fluoroquinolones increased. Concurrently, the combined use of AUD and DOT provided complementary perspectives for evaluating antimicrobial consumption, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of exposure levels across hospitals and departments. Cluster analysis provides valuable insights for identifying patterns into antimicrobial management and usage.