Analysis and Design of a Solar Cell with Sustainable CZTS Material and Zinc Oxides as Buffer Layers

The purpose of this work is to design a solar cell structure that exhibits more efficiency in generating electricity and also environmentally safe. It focuses on analyzing the various active medium materials used so far in the design of solar cells and identifies the most suitable material with the highest efficiency and lowest toxicity. When a material that is both cruelty-free and effective is used as an active medium in a solar cell, it results in greater benefits. Fill factor and power conversion efficiency are two key elements that should be improved when designing a solar cell. According to the analysis carried out in this work, CZTS is selected as the appropriate material for fabricating a solar cell with the aforementioned characteristics. It is composed of non-toxic, earth-abundant elements, which improve stability and make it a more economical and environmentally friendly option compared to other solar cell materials. The developed solar cell has a structure of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{MoS}_{2} / \mathrm{p}-\text{CZTS} / \mathrm{n}-\text{ZnMgO} / \mathrm{n}-\text{ZnS} / \mathrm{n}-\text{ZnO}: \text{Al}$</tex>, which yields an efficiency of 23.67 % with a fill factor of 84.37 %.