Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential of Sapindus trifoliatus in Alloxaninduced Diabetic Rats via PI3K/AKT Pathway Activation

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated complications, often linked to oxidative stress and impaired insulin signaling. This study investigates the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of Sapindus trifoliatus leaves (STLE) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, with a focus on modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Methods: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and saponins in STLE. Acute toxicity testing confirmed its safety. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated with STLE, and evaluated using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile analysis, and antioxidant enzyme assays (GSH, SOD, CAT, and MDA). Liver tissues were examined histologically to assess morphological changes. Results: STLE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance. Treated rats exhibited improved lipid profiles, with reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and an increase in HDL levels. Antioxidant enzyme levels (GSH, SOD, CAT) were elevated, while MDA levels decreased, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Histological studies revealed improved liver architecture in treated groups. Discussion: The antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of STLE suggest its action may be mediated via activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, supporting its traditional use in diabetes treatment. Conclusion: STLE demonstrates promising antidiabetic and antioxidant potential in vivo, indicating its therapeutic relevance in managing diabetes and associated complications. Further studies are needed to explore its molecular mechanisms and clinical applicability in detail.