Harnessing the Potential of Nanotechnology for Liquid Biopsy of Cancer

Liquid biopsy offers dynamic and noninvasive analysis of cellular biomarkers, thereby presenting enormous potential for early detection of cancer, cancer staging, prediction of relapse, real-time examination of therapeutic efficacy, perception of therapeutic targets, and understanding the resistance mechanisms. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel tool to widen the application horizon of liquid biopsy. Several nanomaterials, nanodevices, nanostructures, and nanosensors have been explored for improved application of liquid biopsy for biomarker detection. The circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor proteins (CTP), miRNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are some of the important biomarkers for detection by liquid biopsy in bodily fluids. Herein, we have discussed the state of the art and beyond in advances in nanotechnology and in increasing the specificity, sensitivity, and purity with which we detect liquid biopsy biomarkers. The opportunities and prospects of these advanced innovative nanomaterials and technologies in clinical applications are explored. Furthermore, various isolation and biosensing strategies for visualization and signal amplification using nanomaterials are summarized. The utilization of nanotechnology-based liquid biopsy may provide greater insights for improved treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer.