Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemistry and Bioactivity

Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague, commonly known as ajwain, bishop’s weed, joan, or carom seed, and referred to as nankha in Arabic-speaking regions. Ajwain is an annual herbaceous plant of notable significance in Ayurvedic medicine. It belongs to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), which comprises approximately 300–455 genera and 3,000–3,750 species and many of which hold historical medicinal value. Like Umbelliferae fruits, ajwain is known for its biologically significant essential oil, having thymol as the major volatile constituent, therefore its fragrant odor is similar to that of thyme. Trachyspermum ammi contains a diverse array of bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and essential oils which contribute to the herb's numerous biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, carminative, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and bronchodilatory effects. Furthermore, T.ammi has been traditionally recognized for its effectiveness in managing the stomach and respiratory disorders. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the chemical composition and associated bioactivities of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain).