Sick building syndrome: uncertainty of causes and challenges of classification

The article addresses the problem of developing a universal classification of negative factors associated with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), taking into account current technological, climatic, and epidemiological challenges. A critical analysis of existing approaches is provided, including classifications proposed by the WHO, CPSC, and various researchers who identify physical, chemical, biological, psychophysiological, and other groups of pollutants. It is shown that none of the existing systems fully cover the entire spectrum of external and internal factors – particularly neglecting climate influences, epidemiological threats, socio-psychological conditions, and new “video-ecological” parameters related to visual homogeneity and aggressiveness of the built environment.Based on an interdisciplinary approach, an extended classification is proposed, dividing SBS factors into two broad groups: external (climatic, ecological, radiological, video-ecological) and internal (microclimate parameters, physical, technical, radiological, psychological, and biochemical factors). Special attention is given to video ecology – a field that examines the impact of homogeneous and aggressive visual environments on the oculomotor system and the psycho-emotional state of individuals.The role of natural biotechnical filters – indoor plants – is also considered. These plants regulate humidity, absorb VOCs and CO2, emit phytoncides, suppress pathogens, reduce noise, and enhance psycho-emotional well-being. Recommendations are provided for integrating plants into biophilic design as a cost-effective means of improving indoor environmental quality and preventing SBS.The proposed classification aims to improve risk assessment, the development of preventive measures, and building operation standards to safeguard the health of residents and workers in the context of urbanization, energy efficiency, and global climate change.