Case presentation: Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in dogs: A comprehensive review and case presentation

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) is an acute, life-threatening syndrome primarily affecting large and giant breed dogs. Characterized by rapid gastric distention and rotation, its precise etiology is complex, involving risk factors like breed, age, diet, and temperament. Despite aggressive interventions, GDV carries a substantial 15-24% mortality rate. Clinically, GDV presents abruptly with abdominal distension and unproductive retching, often post-feeding/exercise. Systemic consequences include hypovolemic shock, cardiac arrhythmias, gastric necrosis, and multi-organ hypoperfusion. Prognosis is significantly impacted by gastric necrosis and presentation time. A case in an four-year-old female Labrador, presenting with sudden death and abdominal distension, revealed characteristic post-mortem findings. Necropsy showed severe gastric dilatation with serosal congestion and mucosal necrosis which showed progression to gangrene, enlarged spleen and liver (nutmeg appearance), pale kidneys, and cardiac hypertrophy/dilatation. These findings confirmed multi-systemic dysfunction, including gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory compromise, consistent with fatal GDV. Treatment necessitates immediate stabilization, rapid decompression, and surgical correction with gastropexy. Anesthetic protocols prioritize cardiovascular stability. Challenges remain due to GDV's rapid progression. Continued research in pathophysiology, diagnostics, and prophylactic strategies is crucial to mitigate GDV's devastating impact on canine health and welfare.