Addressing Fluoride Contamination: A Holistic Review on Its Occurrence, Sources, Health Effects, Detection, Remediation, Cost Analysis, and Waste Management

Abstract Fluoride is a trace mineral that is essential for health in building strong teeth and bones; nevertheless, fluoride present in drinking water in concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/L causes health problems. Fluoride contamination in drinking water may occur through geogenic or anthropogenic activities. Consequently, the availability of fluoride‐free drinking water to mankind is one of the major challenges. This review article provides an overview of all key aspects related to fluoride. There is a description of its global distribution, sources, toxic effects, detection, and remediation techniques. A literature survey reveals its uneven distribution at the global level. Dental fluorosis, neurotoxicity, and skeletal deformities are among the key detrimental effects that arise due to its bioaccumulation. Most of the researchers usually preferred to use ion‐selective electrodes and ion chromatography (IC) for its determination. Adsorption‐based fluoride remediation is the center of attraction due to its simplicity, appreciable performance, and cost‐effectiveness. The regeneration and reusability of the adsorbent materials are key advantages associated with adsorption, as documented in the literature. Inclusion of the two most overlooked aspects, i.e., cost estimation of adsorbent/remediation technique and management of spent adsorbent, is yet another highlight of this review. Further, the challenges associated with the existing fluoride research work and future prospects are also discussed.