Ecotoxicological effects of emerging pollutants (nanomaterials and microplastics) on fish biology

Emerging contaminants, including heavy metals, nanomaterials, microplastics, and industrial chemicals pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and fish health. The emerging pollutants are majorly produced during industrial processes, urbanization, and mining. This review study compiled current knowledge on the ecotoxicological effects of these pollutants on fish biology, encompassing physiological, behavioral, and molecular responses. Innovative methodologies have been used to comprehensively assess toxicological responses, such as high-throughput omics, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can elucidate molecular-level disruptions. In addition, advanced bioimaging techniques e.g., micro-CT scanning can assess internal tissue damage caused by pollutants non-invasively. Furthermore, eco-epidemiological models integrating field and laboratory data will enhance predictive risk assessments. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to incorporate sublethal and chronic toxicity endpoints, ensuring more comprehensive environmental protection strategies. Collaborative efforts among researchers, policymakers, and industries are essential to mitigate contamination sources and develop sustainable remediation approaches for aquatic ecosystems.