Tribal Sports Betting in the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Frameworks

This study examines the evolving landscape of tribal government owned and operated sports betting in the United States following the 2018 repeal of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA). Focusing on three states—New Mexico, North Dakota, and Washington—where tribal governments currently hold exclusivity over sports betting, this analysis provides a comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks, market conditions, and operational strategies. Employing the seven regulatory considerations outlined by Miller and Cabot—barriers to entry, market size, revenue potential, fan engagement, speed to market, effectiveness, and political viability—this research identifies patterns, challenges, and opportunities for tribally owned and operated entities within diverse legal and cultural contexts. Drawing on legislative texts, compacts, regulatory guidelines, and scholarly literature, the study highlights sports betting as an act of tribal sovereignty in the ways that tribal nations address regulatory complexities and adapt to evolving market conditions. The findings offer insights for policymakers, tribal leaders, industry stakeholders, and community advocates seeking to develop balanced and culturally aligned tribal sports betting models that respect tribal autonomy while fostering sustainable growth and integrity in this rapidly growing sector of the global gaming industry.