Comparison between the performance efficiencies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane systems in removing heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater

Toxic contaminants that impact the health of humans and other animals include industrial wastewater, including cadmium, cobalt, chromium, and lead ions.To protect the environment, technologies such as "Reverse osmosis" (RO) and "Nanofiltration" (NF) membrane systems efficiently remove these ions from industrial effluent.Industrial wastewater samples were generated at room temperature and treated with both membrane systems in the laboratory.The samples contained Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co ions at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppm, pressures ranging from 3 to 11 bar, and pH levels ranging from 40.2 to 70.2.Based on the findings, the RO system was able to remove Pb, Cd, Co, and Cr ions with efficiency of 98.55%, 97.97%, 97.308%, and 97.106%, respectively, when operated under the following conditions: pH = 60.2,pressure = 11 bar, pollutants concentrations = 500 ppm, time = 90 min at 252 C.Operating parameters included a pH of 60.2, a pressure of 11 bar, a concentration of pollutants of 500 ppm, a duration of 90 minutes at 252 C, and removal efficiencies of 96.37 percent for Pb, 95.44 percent for Cd, 94.478 percent for Co, and 93.965 percent for Cr in the (NF) system.