How Has the Conflict in Ukraine Influenced the Balance Between Strategic Autonomy and International Cooperation in Spain's Defense Industrial Policy?

Abstract The war in Ukraine has triggered a profound transformation in European defense policies, compelling European Union member states to reassess their defense industrial strategies. In this context, Spain faces a critical challenge: balancing strategic national autonomy with international defense cooperation. This article examines how the Ukraine conflict has influenced this balance in Spain's defense industrial policy, assessing whether the country has prioritized strengthening its national defense industry while deepening its integration into European and transatlantic defense frameworks. Through a systematic analysis of government policies, defense budgets, procurement strategies, and multinational defense initiatives, this study identifies key trends in Spain's evolving defense industrial approach. While Spain has significantly increased national defense spending and reinforced industrial capabilities, its deep engagement in European cooperation initiatives suggests a concurrent push for enhanced international collaboration. The findings indicate that Spain has not fully committed to either strategic national autonomy or cooperation but has pursued a hybrid approach, leveraging European mechanisms while maintaining key national industrial capabilities. By exploring the tensions and synergies between these two strategic orientations, this article contributes to the broader debate on the future of European defense integration and the role of national industries in a rapidly shifting geopolitical landscape.