Bridging Theory and Practice: Assessing Systems Thinking in Engineering Design Using the DSRP Framework

Systems thinking provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the interactions within complex systems, a crucial skill for design fields such as engineering design. Future designers and engineers must develop these competencies in higher education to navigate the intricate demands of the modern workforce. In design, systems thinking involves examining how individual choices impact the entire system rather than focusing on isolated requirements. To support this, various frameworks, including Distinctions, Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives (DSRP), have been developed to help students adopt a systemic perspective and create more holistic solutions. This study explores engineering students' understanding and application of the DSRP framework within the context of an energy-efficient engineering design challenge. Specifically, it examines how students approach the design of an energy-efficient house using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. Our research question is: What characteristics and levels of system thinking skills, as described by the DSRP framework, can be identified among engineering students working on an engineering design project? Data was collected through CAD design files and students' written reflections, which documented their use of DSRP principles in their design processes. The analysis of these reflections uncovers patterns in students' systems thinking and reveals which DSRP elements are most challenging for students to grasp. By characterizing students' application of DSRP, this study identifies specific areas where systems thinking instruction could be improved. The findings suggest instructional strategies to strengthen students' ability to develop holistic solutions, which are crucial for addressing complex design challenges. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into how systems thinking skills relate to design outcomes, offering implications for curriculum development aimed at better preparing future engineers and designers. Additionally, it addresses broader educational goals, shedding light on how universities can foster essential systems thinking competencies across disciplines to enhance workforce readiness.