Investigating Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Evaporation Ducts Using the Parabolic Equation Method

The paper examines the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in the intricate environment of evaporation ducts, a phenomena commonly observed over ocean surfaces. Employing the Parabolic Equation Method (PEM), a numerical approach esteemed for its precision in simulating extensive electromagnetic environments, we examine the influence of diverse air circumstances on wave propagation. The research explores the significance of air ducting, with specific emphasis on the evaporation duct, in facilitating beyond-the-horizon communication. Critical characteristics, including duct height, temperature, and humidity, are examined to ascertain their impact on propagation distances and signal strength. The results reveal significant insights for the design and enhancement of maritime communication systems, especially for 5G and forthcoming wireless technologies.