Lightning Activity Patterns Across Regions Using the Chi-Square Test

Lightning activity varies significantly between regions due to changes in climatic and geographical factors, which are essential for practical applications such as lightning protection and early warning systems. The chi-square test results reveal a significant regional difference in lightning activity during severe thunderstorm events, as the chi-square values for several dates far exceed the critical value (9.488), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. These findings reveal that lightning activity correlates with specific regions when severe thunderstorms occur, confirming the non-uniform distribution of lightning across the regions. This research divides the state of Johor, located in the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia, into three distinct regions: Groups A, B, and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$C$</tex>, with lightning activity varying across these regions on specific dates from January to April 2022. Group C recorded the highest lightning activity on most dates due to marine convection, while Groups A and B showed peak activity on different dates, influenced by coastal convergence and diurnal heating, respectively. This study aims to statistically differentiate lightning activity patterns across geographical regions using a Chi-Square test approach.