Research progress and commercialization process of Prussian blue and its analogues in metal-ion batteries

Construction of efficient and sustainable electrochemical energy storage systems has become pivotal for addressing energy storage challenges. Metal-ion batteries (MIBs) have attracted significant attention due to their high energy efficiency, yet the focus is gradually shifting toward sodium, zinc, and other metal-ion systems owing to lithium resource constraints. Prussian blue and its analogues (PB/PBAs), with their three-dimensional open-framework structures,et tunable chemical compositions, and superior intrinsic electrochemical properties, demonstrate unique advantages as cathode materials for MIBs. This review systematically summarizes the structural characteristics, redox mechanisms, and material design strategies of PBAs, while evaluating their storage performance in metal ion systems including lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum. By elucidating the structure-property relationships between material composition and electrochemical performance, we highlight the critical role of material design strategies in enhancing ion transport kinetics and structural stability. Finally, based on current research bottlenecks, we identify core challenges such as interface regulation and cycling degradation mechanisms that must be addressed for practical applications of PBAs, along with future development directions. • Open frameworks enable rapid ion transport and structural stability, boosting battery performance. • Crystallinity-controlled synthesis minimizes defects via advanced synthesis methods. • Defect engineering enhances redox activity and inhibits degradation via tailored defects and composites. • Scalability issues for metal-ion batteries focus on interfacial stability and production.