Enhancement of antiphotoaging properties of Cannabis sativa stem water extracts by fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus casei

Skin photoaging, driven primarily by UVB radiation, leads to collagen degradation and oxidative stress, contributing to the visible signs of aging, such as wrinkles and loss of skin elasticity. This process is mediated by the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), which is triggered by reactive oxygen species, and the activation of photoaging-related signaling pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p65. In the present study, we evaluated the antiphotoaging potential of fermented and non-fermented Cannabis sativa stem water extracts, focusing on their ability to suppress MMP-1 expression and reduce oxidative stress in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Unlike previous studies that have primarily focused on leaves or flowers, our study highlights the stems of C. sativa as a novel and underutilized source of bioactive compounds for skin protection. Using Lacticaseibacillus casei for fermentation, we observed enhanced bioactivity in the fermented extracts, particularly in terms of a 6.6% greater inhibition of MMP-1 expression and 68.3% increased flavonoid content, compared to the non-fermented extracts. Fermented water extract demonstrated the most potent suppression of UVB-induced signaling pathways and collagen breakdown. Our findings suggest that fermentation enhances the antiphotoaging properties of C. sativa stems, offering a promising potential for natural, plant-based skin care solutions aimed at preventing UVB-induced skin aging.