Multi-sensor remote sensing captures geometry and slow-to-fast sliding transition of the 2017 Mud Creek landslide

Landslides pose a significant hazard worldwide. Despite advances in landslide monitoring, predicting their size, timing, and location remains a major challenge. We revisit the 2017 Mud Creek landslide in California using radar interferometry, pixel tracking, and elevation change measurements from satellite and airborne radar, lidar, and optical data. Our analysis shows that pixel tracking of optical imagery captured the transition from slow motion to runaway acceleration starting ~ 1 month before catastrophic failure-an acceleration undetected by satellite InSAR alone. Strain rate maps revealed a new slip surface formed within the landslide body during acceleration, likely a key weakening mechanism. Failure forecast analysis indicates the acceleration followed a hyperbolic trend, suggesting failure time could have been predicted at least 6 days in advance. We also inverted for the landslide thickness during the slow-moving phase and found variations from < 1 to 36 m. While thickness inversions provide important first-order information on landslide size, more work is needed to better understand how landslide subsurface properties and deforming volumes may evolve during the transition from slow-to-fast motion. Our findings underscore the need for integrated remote sensing techniques to improve landslide monitoring and forecasting. Future advancements in operational monitoring systems and big data analysis will be critical for tracking slope instability and improving regional-scale failure predictions.