A nomogram for predicting malnutrition risk in patients with chronic heart failure and correlation study between GHRL, MSTN, CRP, Hs-CRP

This study supports the hypothesis that age, right upper limb diameter, simplified anorexia scale score, and MSTN are significant risk factors for malnutrition in CHF patients. The nomogram developed in this study demonstrated robust predictive value for identifying malnutrition in this population. Furthermore, the proposed inflammation-GHRL/MSTN-appetite improvement/muscle growth-CHF improvement pathway offers a potential regulatory mechanism,which represents a promising direction for research into the mechanisms of malnutrition and muscle loss disorders in patients with CHF.