Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac Electrophysiology: Enhancing Mapping and Ablation Precision

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping cardiac electrophysiology (EP), offering new avenues for arrhythmia detection, procedural planning, and outcome prediction. This review synthesizes recent advances in AI applications across EP workflows, emphasizing model validation, clinical performance, and implementation challenges. Early studies employed internal cross-validation, while more recent work favors external and multicenter validation strategies, enhancing generalizability. AI-guided tools have demonstrated improved accuracy and outcome prediction over conventional methods, with some systems reducing ablation times, fluoroscopy exposure, and arrhythmia recurrence rates. However, clinical integration remains limited by challenges, including data bias, model interpretability, real-time processing requirements, and workflow disruption. Regulatory and ethical considerations, such as algorithm transparency, medico-legal accountability, and data privacy, are critical to ensure responsible deployment. Future innovations-such as explainable AI, multimodal integration, and digital twin modeling-show promise for advancing precision EP but require prospective validation and infrastructure for scalable adoption. Overall, AI holds substantial potential to enhance clinical decision-making and patient outcomes in EP, but widespread integration will depend on addressing technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers through coordinated, multidisciplinary efforts.