Forensic pathology and infant deaths: A recent update

The forensic investigation of infant deaths poses complex challenges, particularly in differentiating between natural, accidental, and intentional causes. Traditional autopsy methods often lack definitive markers for asphyxia or inflicted trauma, resulting in diagnostic ambiguity-especially in cases of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), neonaticide, and infanticide. Overlapping post-mortem findings and inconsistent classification protocols across jurisdictions further hinder accurate determinations. However, recent advancements in forensic pathology-including post-mortem imaging, molecular autopsy, biomechanical modeling, and toxicological screening-are transforming investigative practices. This review synthesizes current evidence on evolving methodologies in infant death investigations. Its goal is to emphasize the critical need for collaboration, standardization, and evidence-based integration of emerging forensic tools.