Harnessing Spatial Diversity for Physical Layer Security Without Adversary Channel Knowledge

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems utilize phased-array antennas to generate highly directional beams, effectively reducing the signal footprint. Nonetheless, eavesdropping, particularly within the main-lobe, remains a significant concern. This paper introduces BeamSec, a novel beam hopping approach to maximize absolute secrecy rates with no information about the channel state information (CSI) or location of the eavesdroppers. Methodologically, BeamSec identifies diverse beam-pairs between transceivers by analyzing signal characteristics, such as Angle of Departure (AoD) and Angle of Arrival (AoA). To prevent the secure message from being eavesdropped, BeamSec splits and jointly encodes data among selected beams. Moreover, BeamSec optimizes secrecy by adapting time allocation across selected beams under different levels of channel knowledge, namely (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i>) full/-partial Radio Frequency (RF) maps constructed based on the empirical data of legitimate users, (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</i>) knowledge of the room floor map, and (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">iii</i>) only the instantaneous knowledge of the legitimate transmitter (TX)-receiver (RX) channel. Furthermore, we experimentally validate the efficiency of the proposed schemes using an 802.11ad-compatible 60 GHz phased-array testbed. Specifically, BeamSec demonstrates a non-zero absolute secrecy rate even for the simplistic uniform time allocation approach. Radio map (partial channel knowledge) and known room geometry (instantaneous TX/RX) based schemes provide further improvement of 124.8% and 58.13%, respectively, as compared to uniform time allocation.